Mobile money innovations, income inequality and gender inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the role of mobile money innovations on income inequality and gender inclusion in 42 sub-Saharan African countries from 1980 to 2019 using interactive quantile regressions. It fnds that, frst, income inequality unconditionally reduces the involvement of women in business and politics. Second, mobile money innovations interact with income inequality to have a positive impact on women in business and politics. Third, the net efects of mobile money innovations on gender inclusion through income inequality are consistently negative. Fourth, as the positive conditional or interactive efects and negative net efects are consistent across the con‑ ditional distribution of gender inclusion, thresholds at which mobile money innova‑ tions can completely dampen the negative efect of income inequality on gender inclusion are provided. Therefore, policymakers should work toward improving conditions for mobile money innovations. They should also be aware that reducing both income inequality and enhancing mobile money innovations simultaneously leads to more inclusive outcomes in terms of gender inclusion.